Point Of View In A Film Film Studies Essay

Point Of View In A Film Film Studies Essay Often many good animation films mesmerize the vital element of the film known as Point of View to allow a viewer to make important connections and seeing the world in certain way. How To Train Your Dragon uses its first act of point of view through the use of camera shots, the collage of friendship , the upper and lower shot cuts to get across the range of dragons that inhabit this world, including the one nobody has ever seen, the sinister Night Fury. Its a character (Hiccup) that has end of game boss tattooed across it from the moment its first mentioned. Hiccup instantly knew that dragons werent harmful to humans but only defend themselves as would a typical person had done in unease situation. Crammed with lively scenes and plenty of action, this rowdy tale is just right for fantasy fans or anyone with a spirit of adventure. The Point of View in a film is a vital element because similar to narrative it has connection with the literacy and visual arts. Point of View as defined by Corrigan is as the vantage point from which a story is presented, something is seen and, by implication, the way the point of view determines what you see (49). So it makes sense that there would be a sudden surge of movies from this point of view because it so connects to peoples experience. Anything that calls for a level of naturalism and voyeurism can absolutely be filmed in this style. The face to face of the Hiccups and night fury for the first time, the way the intense scene the camera presented, the closeness among the sounds of approaching danger, the alert generated when the night fury first abandoned by the hiccups, the closeness of facial gestures on both the characters ultimately not only created a suspense but a general attraction to the shot. The short and long term camera angle around the eyes of night fury as he see the hiccups for the first time made a statement pertaining as if an unknown person was looking doubtful and vicious. With a dragons eye view, the viewers fly through gorgeous wrinkly rock formations that rise from the sea. As mentioned in the A Short Guide to Writing about Film by Corrigan, the camera can take the actions to the higher level bringing subjective and objective perspectives so that what is shown is not confined to any one persons perspective (49). In Viking culture, theres nothing more disloyal or perilous than consorting with the enemy- especially when its a dragon. But Hiccup discovers that maybe the dragons fear the humans as much as they fear them. Will Hiccup finally become the man his father wants him to be by slaying a dragon, or will he honor his newfound friendship with Toothless deliberately done by the camera work? A different kind of simplicity works, to equally satisfying effect, in the scenes that refer most directly to the films title. When Hiccup first meets Toothless, a type of dragon especially feared by the Vikings of Berk, the animal is hurt and scared. As noted in the middle of the movie, the camera mainly focuses more on the actions of hiccups and the objective actions between him and night fury to build a concept of the film. The camera gives close shots of night flurries first outburst and then love with the hiccups thus making the entire scene vibrant with the sounds, realism, and voyeurism what a norm al viewer would have asked from a good film. As viewer notes hiccup in a scene where he goes to explore the place the night furry fall, the camera makes the scene more vibrant than anything to create a stage of exploration, a new settings and tone of the shot. The dragons, not surprisingly, are the main visual attraction and come in various shapes and sizes with clever names like the two-headed Hideous Zippleback, or the Monstrous. The most fearsome and illusive of all is the Night Fury basically, a fire-breathing stealth bomber in black scales. As he further to the point where he notices the impaired dragon, the close of up shots, a complete silence, and along with the direct sound, the camera ultimately changes the position of sniper, to be exact the view of the people. It takes the audience through the entire scene as creating fear, a fear that any typical human would have gone through at the moment when he or she has seen something vicious, out of frontier, and moreover compell ing to defeat. The camera slowly builds a tense situation, close shots at the face of the hiccups to pertain the sweating of a normal person, and none the less to show cause and effect. The broken tree truck in half, the impact of the fall of night furry on the ground, the long muddy slide made by the fall, recalls in viewers mind that the dragon must be something dangerous and so powerful that his fall slashed a tree in half and made a drag in the dirt. This scene represent as if the viewer were walking through the process of finding the dragon. This is another factor of point of view that as viewers watch the particular scene they might feel that they are seeing another character through the eyes of Hiccups, and that character of course is the viewer himself (49) This film doesnt excite straight away, but when it starts to warm up, youre left with a moral tale and a fun animated kids film. Hiccup is a pretty rubbish viking. His lame Viking-ness is made much worse by the fact that his dad, Stoick (Gerard Butler) is the daddy of all Vikings and chief dragon slayer. When Hiccup downs one of the toughest dragons of all no-one in the village believes him. That is until he feeds, tickles, tames and flies the beast leading to the blurring of the line between human and dragon. Gone are the ironic one-liners, replaced by some genuinely funny jestings. From when Hiccup first encounters Toothless and all the following dragon/human interaction that follows, the jokes are straight from the Pixar more than words handbook. As for the flight scenes, its really not too far off the majesty of other animations, comprehensive and soaring over seas and forests. The viewers will believe a dragon can fly. As for the mild danger that adorns the movie scenes theres n othing particularly mild about it. Toothless may have huge, pensive eyes and tiny retractable teeth but some of the other beasts are enough to get the viewer scared. The camera angles around the Night Fury physical appearance make his look so aggressive and enormous in size but in fact the dragon is merely a small compared to other dragons. When the true foe rears its scaly head, the camera affect will surely make children and adults alike quivering in their glasses. Hiccups world is turned upside down when he encounters a dragon that challenges him and his fellow Vikings to see the world from an entirely different point of view. Although the viewer might feel stranded from the actual element but fire-breathing dragons, medieval projectile weaponry and dragon dive-bombing provide edge-of-seat suspense. The action sequences are well-balanced with humorous and poignant scenes from the emotional life Hiccup so the subjective and objective perspectives stay alive and viewers get the mix of all kind of emotions. Regardless, Hiccup ventures out into battle and downs a mysterious Night Fury dragon with his invention, but cant bring himself to kill it. The scene that makes Hiccup realize that there is a hope of consideration that dragons are likeable, and the camera switches back and forth to the actions of both to make a scene of curiously. In the process, Hiccup finds a kindred spirit and gets to know the secret life of dragons (it turns out that theyre far from nightmarish beasts, despite being snuggle-toothed and bug-eyed). A scene that would make a twist or force the viewer to think, Will he! Will he! Kill the dragon or not. Beside that scene the viewers doesnt get to see that much interaction between both of them, especially when Hiccup and Astrid were taken by the Night Furry to the dragon world. The overall view and standpoint after the in progress of the movies changes as to something solemn. Instead, Hiccup and the dragon, whom he names Toothless, begin a friendship that would open up both their worlds as the vigilant boy learns that his people have misjudged the species. But even as the two each take flight in their own way, they find that they must fight the destructive ignorance plaguing their world. Through the use of point of view in the film, the viewers get to experience the abnormal yet adventurous and realistic scenes in the film. The camera help generate the scenes that viewers perceive would have experience themselves thus making the film more enthusiastic, blastic, and more over the complete scene of something fresh off the bucket. The notion of significance or urgency immensely is shattered all throughout the entire film scenes. Several examples but more truly the love of Hiccups for Astird is visible through the friendship of hiccup and the night fury. Since she hasnt seen the coolest dragon and noticed the hiccups have controlled the deadly one, it has opened a path for a girl to trust someone who is capable of dealing with vicious dragons. Hiccup spends much of the film flustered and frustrated. But with a voice that is both geeky and vulnerable, Hiccup ultimately winds up attracting our sympathy and love. The bond between both the hiccup and dragon are can be pertai ned as ultimately, a boy and his dog, only the dog is played by a massive black dragon named Toothless. Both characters are shown openly taking risk of their own safety to protect the other, and their connection is all the more affecting because its wordless. The viewers ultimately feel that Toothless, like the rest of the dragons, is not anthropomorphized or attribution of human motivation, characteristics, or behavior to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena. Unlike the creatures in other Animation films, Toothless doesnt speak or crack wise, make pop-culture references, or dance to songs by Smash-mouth. This film hits on point of view such as diversity and acceptance and is mixed in with the humor and spunk of Viking teenage anguish. Hiccup does a fantastic job as voice talent for the adventurous character and his love interest, Astrid a tomboy out to be the best Viking girl displays comic relief throughout the film. Other than that the film ends in much the same way i t begun, but it has a more positive outlook and the perspective constantly changes as the scenes progress. I dont think it was a good enough way to resolve the issue. The story builds up this climax, but it felt more like a cop-out. Hiccup gets banished, losing his father, and then in an instant hes forgiven. The different views the audience see makes them feel like Hiccups personality and his interactions with the dragons and the different personalities of the Vikings are the basis for the humour in the story, versus humour that is more satire or topical. An animated like Zero to Hero, where the title character is a awkward misfit who, after accidentally wreaking chaos on his own village, must undergo training in order to attain his true potential, the same goes for this film. From the beginning to the end of the film, the viewers feel as if theres a camera room where one can walk around with a little monitor and see the set and the characters in virtual space. Viewer can change the lenses and do tracking shots through a virtual world. Its peculiar, but its instructive in terms of finding camera angles and lens lengths. Somehow walking around with a camera on a virtual set is like shooting live action on the fly. The close up shots and the wide ranges shots of the characters help both the voice actors all provide great performances that always keep pace with both the humor and the range of the characters emotions. Like most movies Its the kind of generational divide you can see repeated throughout history.   It is where the clash ha s been established by the older, its the younger generation who be trained that the only way to bring peace is to reexamine the nature of the conflict and then try to resolve it non-violently.   Violence perpetuates violence.   These lessons of courageous kindness and violence-begets violence may seem corny, but Dragon makes it work.   The lessons are subtext that kids will pick up on by seeing how the characters behave and that adults should appreciate because it makes the film more than the sugar cereal of most animated films. From the eye-catching, hillside Viking settlement to the peaceful mountain lake where Hiccup carefully nurtures his relationship with Toothless, the films design elements known as Point of View bring the viewers into the lives of these dragon-blighted people conjuring up vivid pictures of what that place in history might have looked like. The inhabitants may be modern and the situations a bit fantastical, but the realistic approach to perspectives makes for a more livable film.

Hopes and Dreams

Humans are born with the ability to dream and hope for something better. It is what we do afterwards that determines the outcome. A dream without action is just fantasy. The action is the means to achieve those hopes and dreams. For some people, the belief in our dreams and hopes gets lost through the years. So how do we get back on track and accomplish at least a few of those dreams? The first step is to realize that our dreams are still within reach. It starts with a clear understanding of the difference between what is achievable and what is not.The pathway that leads to our success is filled with small goals that, once accomplished, build our confidence to complete the next one. We possess the ability to establish achievable goals as steppingstones to reach what we hope for. A dream and a goal are two different terms that help in our task. The dream is the final destination and the goal is the path leading to it. One dream can have many goals or directions and strategies that hel p us accomplish it. Each goal is a small step toward the finalization of the dream. We all have dreams. Some are for tomorrow, some are for next week, and some are for years from now.It is within our ability to realize all of them by listening to the heart and completing all the necessary steps. Reality today was a dream or hope sometime in the past. Keep a journal of those things you hope for. Write down the steps or goals needed along to way to achieve each one. Then, every week or every month, review each one to assure that you stay on the correct path to accomplishment. Each review period allows you to make minor adjustments in the goals as life events dictate. We sometimes grow up with preconceived notions that many of these dreams are not considered worthy of any effort to realize them.If a dream is conceived but never believed, it is considered merely a fantasy. Often our lives are restricted to these fleeting fantasies because we don’t have the courage to treat them a s achievable dreams. Change the thought processes in your head so that you are not restricted by perceived impossibilities. Focus instead on the dream and its goals. Give fantasies the chance to turn into a dream by making them an important part of your life. Set the goals needed to fulfill the dream. Dreams are then given attention and can be fully manifested by setting goals.Maintain your focus on the dream instead of the short-term goals to enable fulfillment and satisfaction. While achieving goals offers a sense of satisfaction, this doesn’t provide ongoing motivation. The real power of each goal comes from its connection to the appropriate dream. And, yes, you can have many dreams that are in process all the time. Each of the short-term goals will lead to your objective. Setting smaller, more attainable goals will develop a sense of accomplishment that will ultimately keep you focused on the dream itself. The acronym SMART helps in setting the goals.Simple, Measurable, A chievable, Realistic, Timely. Dreams and hopes live in the heart. They are uniquely you and have the potential to result in who you are gifted to become. Without taking steps to realize those dreams, they are useless. Those people who dream and then set goals to achieve them will experience joy and satisfaction in their lives and a sense of peace in their twilight years. Truly successful people have taken their dreams out of the fantasy and converted them into eventual reality. They have done this by setting realistic goals and constantly reviewing the process to stay on track.

Early Disclosure, Violence, And Violence - 1248 Words

Early disclosure to violence may possibly lead to aggression in young preschoolers. Research stated that exposure to violence in adolescence at a young age may lead to aggression in school age youths. Aggression and violence may not be as serious for some individuals and it’s often considered a part of growing up as a child. Aggression can be understood in a range of ways. It can be conceptualized as ones’ personality trait or having origins within a difficult temperament. In other words, aggression and violence within an adolescent can be inherent to the individual. Aggression may also reflect a behavioral pattern that can be attributed to a syndrome, such as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, which occurs in males. A wide spectrum of aggressive†¦show more content†¦Preschoolers have to learn positive behavioral roles in the classroom to decease violence and aggression toward one another and toward the teacher. Parents and teachers must place children in environments that offer a setting and support for learning positive social behavior rather than aggressive, unfriendly, unsociable acts. Preschoolers are self-centered and have not developed all the brain connections needed to see another’s point of view. Preschoolers have that mindset of â€Å"mine† which makes it compatible that everything belongs to themselves. Preschoolers or other young children in general see all or nothing. Children do not understand that an individual is not all good or not all bad. Young children also cannot sort out fantasy from reality and get diverse up about what is real on television. The temperament of a terrible two is commonly a completely accepted manner. The aggression behavior linked with these tantrums dealing with throwing objects and kicking is therefore better tolerated. The notion of these specific progressive stages when a child may escalate or decline their aggressions that may cause violence can be supported. These symptoms could change with developmental capability in motor and cognitive domains. A motor skilled toddler can throw objects at siblings with intention to hurt, and a bothered preschooler can effortlessly jab his classmate with a crayon

Family Social Control - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 930 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Question: 1 Family structure and interaction assume cardinal functions in the social control theories and delinquency. However, myriad factors are assimilated with family configuration and criminal behavior and consequently folks relations and felony. Akers R.L. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Family Social Control" essay for you Create order (1998).Family interface dynamics include; management and control, character prop up, compassionate and dependence cherished communiquà ©, influential communication, parental condemnation of peers and variance, these factors have the equivalent upshots on crime in both-parents. Akers R.L. (1998). Paucity or stumpy proceed echelon is a prime factor that puts more emphasis as a primary illustration for criminal traits. Research findings have shown that scarcity is the genesis to most unsociable performances. Akers R.L. (1998). In the regard to the family constitution, dealings by particular family members influence the functional dimensions of others. According to research findings a members initiative about the well being of other member of the family presents with each other an element of safety in opposition to catastrophes, thus, extend beyond acquaintances. Akers R.L. (1998). Whereas a pattern of asymmetric consideration is evident between parents and children; thus paren ts value meaning incorporate the childrens expenditure as well their own, the childs convenience utility is purely centered on the childs using up. This structure leads to an off the wall child philosophy, thus if the parent is adequately compassionate in the direction of his or her child, both the parent and the child are comfortable. This finding supports the proposal that self-sacrifice benefits two parties (the addressee as well as the bringer). Akers, R.L. (1989). Family unit is an integral aspect for the development of children. In the event that interaction between parent and child vanishes through a divorce, the absence of one parent i.e. the father may upshot in the parents goodwill for the child to cry off from what would be if not. If the cry off is adequate, the child acknowledges the repercussion and advance to a more selfish verdict and both the parents and the child stand to loose. The rationale here underscores the fact that augmented philanthropy promotes good actions even on the part of a egoistically aggravated child while curtailed or deprived of selflessness enhances poor behavior. Akers, R.L. (1989). Question 2 When children become naughty, parents have been viewed as the line of control. Nonetheless, antagonism and resistance in children has been inspected as the lack of obedience. On the extreme hand, heavy-handed parenthood has witnessed the production of belligerent insubordinate and unfriendliness offspring. Research findings support the argument that poor parenting is a concrete impetus that has brought about the development of delinquent childrens. According to the social hypothesis, the connection progression, Baumrinds constituents of precious parenting and typologies that contents the most profound parenting is the convincing of parents and reaction and demandingness. Based on the self control theory, if a child fails to develop self control by the age of 10 years they often dont acquire it. Akers, R.L. (1989). Question 3 Akers social learning theory is a cluster of the learning point of view of criminology that has been influenced by chronological collective and opinionated circumstances. Akers theory is mostly applied to characters within a certain group from which the underpinning is due; these include a bunch of criminals, peer stratums or communal stratums. Smoking within the puberty age bracket is one of the deviant traits that Ronald Aker (1985) debate about. The social erudition theory digs out concrete facts as to why puberty enhances the smoking habits but is not in a position to explain the genesis of the behavior. Ronald Aker (1989) successive study of alcohol features among the aged illustrate the fact that mature drinking and puberty drinking tag along similar conduits of customs and group performance. Question 4 The control theory unlike the learning theory is centered on issues that appertain to why persons kowtow in a given society (Hirschi 1969). The social control theory presumes that fastidious persons are mingled fittingly in a civilization, while others are not; conversely, the discrepancy is brought about by how persons socialize not to break the law. According to the Social Learning theory, conventionality is affiliated to the attachments structured by children that help to reroute them from nonstandard manners. These unions incorporate affection, participation and the principle system. In a nut shell this amalgamation maintains the puberty and a section of the wider society concerned. Inadequate socialization exhibited by a child in form of weakened links of caucus is known as broken bond theory. Nonetheless, failed to bond theory is another twist of the social control theory that depicts an outright lack of attachment to others and to compliance that leads to character devian ce. Akers, R.L. (1989). Question 5 Respondent learning is typically a behavioral type of learning. Persons as well as animals conditioned this way dont learn consciously the association flanked by stimuli and responses, but, since the pairings happen repeatedly, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response unconsciously. In most cases, the rejoinders are not automated; however distinctive results do induce the animals or humans to repeat the behavior while divergent outcomes cause them not to repeat the behavior. Behavioral theorists in this case hold the view that distinct psychological disorders lead to respondent conditioning. Watsons experiment on Albert illustrated that phobias could be learnt by means of combining a neutral and a harmless stimulus with an unconditionally frightening event, hence bringing about the association of fear with a harmless stimulus. Akers, R.L. (1989). References Akers, R.L. (1989). Social Learning Theory and Puberty Cigarette Smoking cum Alcohol. 43:230-139 Akers R.L. (1998). Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of crime and Deviance. New York University Press

High School And Middle School - 1458 Words

The junior high school and middle school is basically the same thing. Today we still have junior high schools but the mostly named that way because of the historically context. Looking at my notes taken from this year, middle schools span from 6 th to 8 th grade, the schedule is flexible and block depending on the class. Teachers have interdisciplinary teams and they work together as a grade level instead of working on common classes they teach. Lastly in the middle school, everyone is a team and everyone is working together. I picture it as one team, one heartbeat. Everyone is working together make the school alive figuratively speaking. To make sure middle school are developmentally responsive and socially equitable, The Nation Forum to Accelerate Middle-Grades Reform, introduced the award of Schools to Watch. This is award is only for middle schools and in nationally recognized. As of now they are seventeen states, including South Carolina, that are involved with Schools to Wa tch. According to SCAMLE.org, we have fifteen middle schools who have been received this award and six middle schools are actively involved either being new or re-designated. By meeting the prestigious requirements, these selective schools show advanced academically excellence, high developmental responsiveness, social equity, and organization structures and processes. Teachers have a tough role because most principals and superintendents worry about testing. Yes testing is good but sometimesShow MoreRelatedThe High School Of Middle School Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve â€Å"ignorance is bliss† while others believe it is better to know everything. If I had continued the last month of my seventh grade year in ignorance, I would of been better off. Seventh grade, the middle of middle school. Some people did not like middle school at all, personally I loved middle school, especially seventh grade. The reason seventh grade was this magical year is simple a boy was talki ng to me. Not just any boy, a boy with beautiful amber brown eyes, fluffy brown hair and one of theRead MoreMiddle School And High School1742 Words   |  7 PagesMiddle school and high school were very different for me. Both schools lack diversity and consisted of people just like me, but in middle school everyone’s identity were practically the same. I attended Catholic school until high school and had all white classes until then too. Throughout middle school I was a rather mischievous student who did not place academics too highly on my list of priorities, so I was often making the teacher’s job much harder than it needed to be. If not for how involvedRead MoreHigh School And Middle School Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesAs you enter freshmen year you will immediately notice the differences between high school and middle school. Change will be inevitable. With a new building to explore, new faces in the halls, and a new schedule to memorize nothing will be the sam e. Most importantly, the biggest change you will notice will be the change within yourself. Transitioning from middle school to high school means growing, it means taking risks and stepping outside of your comfort zone. How you change will depend on yourRead MoreThe Middle School And High School Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesAlmost all people have gone through it and know the difficulties and challenges of being a freshman in high school. Not only do freshman skills and attitudes grow before your eyes, but their bodies also morph so quickly that you barely even recognize your students by the end of the year (Donegan, 2008). The review of literature has shown that the transition from middle school to high school is extremely difficult in all facets of a teenager’s life. 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Although these kidsRead MoreHigh School / Middle School Science Teacher862 Words   |  4 PagesI want to be a high school/middle school science teacher. I want to teach kids, to show them that the world is their playground. That they can do anything and everything they put their little, bright, energetic minds too. Education is the world I’m putting myself into. I’ve known since I was four that wanted to work with kids, so teaching was the. I get to show them a whole new world full of advantage, and excitement. I get to see them make connections, to make that jump from the norm, inside theRead MoreThe Transition Through Middle School And High School890 Words   |  4 Pagesunexpectedly as it does. The transition through middle school and high school has changed me thoroughly. I’ve learned that high school has made me smarter for who to trust and judge people more than I usually do. High school gave me more options, viewpoints, and ideas. I mature in almost every way, and learn more about myself for what I’m good at. There will be hard times but eventually get through them. It started when I was a freshman in high school. It was a 10-minute walk from my house. I gotRead MoreThe Transition between Middle School and High School1748 Words   |  7 Pagestransition between middle and high school; many make it through this transition. I apparently, wasn’t good enough for that transition, and I didn’t get in. I also didn’t even apply for the spot, so this not getting in thing made no sense to me on the first day. However, later on, I discovered that it mattered a lot more than I had first thought. Mostly because it basically sealed my fate for the rest of my life. Suffice to say, I am the single unluckiest person in this whole school. Unrivaled by anyone

Continuous Human Activities Towards Global Warming Free Essays

string(38) " during the industrialization period\." The phenomenon described as global warming has been well studied and documented by researchers throughout the world for several years. It is a phenomenon that has the potential to destroy our planet and all life on it. This essay will briefly define global warming, provide evidence of global warming, outline the main causes of global warming and discuss both the known and potential impacts of global warming on the planet earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Continuous Human Activities Towards Global Warming or any similar topic only for you Order Now Comments are also made concerning actions being taken as well as others that need to be taken to protect our planet from the potential catastrophic consequences of continued global warming. For thousands of years the earth has gone through many changes in climate. In the last decade however, the earth has experienced notable increases in temperature, resulting in rising sea levels, changes in precipitation as well as other climate changes. The earth has not experienced such dramatic climate changes before in it’s history as it has in the last one hundred years. Some of these climatic changes have been blamed on global warming. What is this phenomenon referred to as global warming? Global warming is the term used to describe a moderate increase in the earth’s temperature as a result of human activities. Examples include, the burning of fossil fuels and the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which build up greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is a term used to describe the warming of the earth’s surface due to the presence of carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases, which trap radiant heat at the earth’s surface. Diagram 1 illustrates the greenhouse effect. The denser these gases the more heat that is trapped. Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapour, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy retaining heat. This is not unlike the glass panels of a greenhouse. (EPA 1) The increase in the amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane from industries and cars causes energy to be trapped in the earth’s atmosphere resulting in a rise of global temperatures. Without a little greenhouse effect though, life as we know it could not possibly exist on the earth. The natural greenhouse effect causes the mean temperature of the earth’s surface to be approximately 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would be if natural greenhouse gases were not present in the earth’s atmosphere. (The Greenhouse Trap, 1) However, scientists are worried that human activities are intensifying the greenhouse effect. Cairncross writes, â€Å"global warming is likely to be the result of the build-up of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide† (Cairncross 111). The three main greenhouse gases produced by human activities are carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen gas. Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas produced by humans. It is responsible for over half of the increase in greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere. This is primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels. Each year, the burning of fossil fuels releases 5. 5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (footnote) The main sources of carbon dioxide include, electric utilities (35%), transport (30%), industry (24%), and the other 11% is produced by residential buildings (Brisbane Adventist College www. ozkidz). The graph below shows the dramatic increase in carbon dioxide gases in the atmosphere. It is believed that since the Industrial Revolution began about 250 years ago, atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased from a value of about 275 parts per million before the Industrial Revolution to about 360 parts per million in 1996, and the rate of increase has speeded up over this span of time (Hartmann). Scientists have determined this by measuring the carbon dioxide levels in the air that became trapped in glaciers, hundreds of years ago. They then compare this to the amounts of carbon dioxide in today’s air. Global warming was first predicted in 1896, by a Swedish chemist named Svante Arrhenius. Arrhenius realized that the amount of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere was increasing rapidly due to industrialization. Arrhenius predicted that doubling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would raise the earth’s average temperature by about 5 °C (Herring). Though no one really paid any attention to him, Arrhenius’s prediction was surprisingly accurate. He was only off by about 2 to 3 degrees. This is very remarkable, considering he had to make the calculations by hand without the aid of scientific equipment. It was not until the 1980’s that it was determined global warming was actually occurring, almost a hundred years after it was first predicted by Arrhenius. Global warming has already raised the average temperature of the earth’s surface by about 0. 5 degrees within the last one hundred years (Bates 6). The top ten warmest days in recorded history have all occurred within the 1990’s. Global temperature changes between 1861 and 1996 are outlined in Diagram 2. It has been estimated that global average temperatures will increase of as much as 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) before the year 2999 (6). Up until recently most of the carbon dioxide produced was absorbed by the world’s oceans, trees and soils. The rest remained in the atmosphere. Unfortunately, now we are producing more carbon dioxide and our oceans, trees and soils are absorbing less. This is partly attributed to the fact that our forests are being destroyed. Research has been done to show that as many as 60 acres of rain forest are being destroyed, every hour, every day of the year. (The Rain forest Trust Inc. ) In the world, only 22% of the old growth forests are still alive. This is because more forests are being cleared to make room for farming and the trees are not being replaced. This destructive process is called deforestation. Deforestation has been going on since man began clearing land for agriculture and has increased substantially during the industrialization period. You read "Continuous Human Activities Towards Global Warming" in category "Essay examples" The dramatic decline in the earth’s forested areas can be seen on Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that between the years 900 and 1990 the earth’s forested area has declined from 40% to 20%. The rain forests of the world are being destroyed at an alarming rate. Their loss is very concerning because they do not grow back easily. Forests are important because they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen back into the atmosphere. Forests help reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. If current trends continue, the world’s rain forests could disappear in the next few decades. As a result of the loss of these forests, global temperatures are rising faster than they ever have because less carbon dioxide is being removed from the atmosphere. Should global temperatures continue to increase at present day rates, scientists believe that there may be many negative impacts from global warming. For example, should temperatures continue to rise, polar ice caps and glaciers will melt, causing the sea and ocean levels to rise. Many beaches will sink beneath the water and many parts of low lying counties will be submerged below water. It is also possible that some coastal areas will be completely covered by water. The world’s ocean levels have already risen about four to six inches since 1990 and it is expected to rise another six inches by the year 2100. (Leatherman) This could flood many coastal cities, leaving thousands of people homeless. Maps 1 and 2 show the potential impact of raising sea levels on North Carolina and Florida respectively. Another potentially disastrous effect of global warming is a reduction to the general health of people. There are some diseases that only affect people that live where the climate is extremely warm. As a result of a general increase in temperature there will be more people dying everyday because of heart problems related to heat exhaustion. Hospital admissions show that death rates increase during extremely hot days, particularly among the very old and very young people living in cities. Diseases in tropical areas, like yellow fever and malaria would be more common in areas like Canada and the United States should temperatures rise. This would cause thousands to die each year from these tropical diseases. Global warming trends will also change rainfall patterns. Some areas of the world will become wetter while others will become drier. Historical evidence suggests that the grain-growing areas of North America are likely to have less rain (Bates 19). This would result in the Great Plains becoming a grassland or desert and the corn belt would experience more frequent droughts. These changes in rainfall patterns will test the agricultural and water management skills of many countries. It is still possible for both industrialized and developing countries to stop global warming. To prevent serious environmental problems associated with global warming we will have to bring together widely different cultural, political and economic interests to pursue the majority of the world’s people to make sacrifices for the sake of future generations. In December 1997, an agreement was made between 160 countries, in Kyoto, Japan, to cut greenhouse emissions by 5. % below 1990 levels by the 2008-2012 period. This means that the United States and Japan will have to lower their greenhouse emissions by 7 and 6 percent respectively. This reduction is to be accomplished by a blend of taxes and regulations, with some subsidies for implementing green technologies. (proquest article) Most companies are trying to work well ahead of the agreement date and reduce greenhouse emissions now. Should a company cut their emissions to the point where they reduce their emissions by more than 5. 2%, they can receive pollution credits, which can be sold to other companies. Stopping global warming will not be an easy task. There are going to have to be many initiatives taken to stop global warming. The only way we will be able to accomplish this is by getting the whole world to work together and reduce the production of carbon dioxide. This is especially true for the United States, a country which is the biggest polluter on the planet. The most effective way to prevent global warming is to stop emitting dangerous greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. A good way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is practice the three R’s; reduce, reuse and recycle. Purchasing food and other products in reusable and recycled packaging can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 230 pounds per year, while recycling all household waste newsprint, cardboard, glass and metal can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by an additional 850 pounds per year (http://www. p2pays. org/ref/01/00183. htm). Less use of automobiles, greater use of bicycles and more reliance on walking would also help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. There are other gases like nitrogen and oxygen that have little or no effect on greenhouse warming. We need to find ways to replace the dangerous fossil fuels with these less harmful gases instead. We should immediately start implementing alternative energy sources like solar power, hydropower, and wind power. These sources of energy do not add to global warming but are very expensive to implement today. When we entered the 20th century, the human race did not have the technology to greatly alter the delicate balance of our planet. During the 20th century the human race quickly developed technologies and industrial processes that began to affect the balance of our planet. The problems related to global warming, which we face at the start of the new millennium cannot be separated into compact, well defined groups. The issues we face today are not just increased carbon dioxide levels, deforestation, increased sea levels, or increased polar ice melting. These issues are all interrelated and global in nature. They are also not just problems of science, they are political, economical and cultural problems. Global warming will only became a political and cultural priority when people see it as a serious problem which is likely to affect them personally. We first need to be able to understand clearly the direct impacts which global warming will bring before we will begin to change our values and lifestyles to one based on sustainable development practices. Sacrifices will have to be made from our current high standards of living in industrialized countries. While there does not appear to be any agreement on the scope and timing of the effects of global warming, we as a civilization face an uncertain future if we do not change our ways. Bates writes, â€Å"we stand at the edge of an onrushing catastrophe† (Bates 190). The human race needs to collectively act to avoid a global crisis. We as humans have the ability to change and adapt to change around us and to decide what our life will be like. Governments of the world will need to work together to stop global warming. There is only one planet that we can live on right now, so we need to respect it and protect it. We must stop destroying our only home. Are we as Canadians prepared to make the sacrifices needed to change our attitudes about our high standard of living and the pursuit of personal wealth in order to save our planet? How to cite Continuous Human Activities Towards Global Warming, Essay examples

International Food and Agribusiness Management Association

Question: Describe about the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association? Answer: Introduction The study is based on the article International Mergers and Acquisitions: Past, Present, and Future by Ghauri and Buckley. The main purpose of this research study is to evaluate the change in merger and acquisitions in the international market for the past decade. The issues discussed in this article are the valuation and motives at the pre-merger stage and integrating and performance is evaluating at the post-merger stage. The main reasons for the motives of the international MA are to achieve economies of the scale either by acquiring of one company by another or by merging two companies. The authors while writing this article used several relevant sources like books, journals, newspaper articles, etc (Karhen.home.xs4all.nl, 2015). Research Questions The main research questions discussed in this article are- Why MA activity experiences growth as well as downfall (merger waves)? What are the motives of international MA? Is MA a right choice for a company? What are the tactics and evaluation of MA? What are the impact of MA on the companys strategies and the society? (Czinkota, Ronkainen Moffett, 2011) Literature Framework In the article, the authors firstly give a brief overview on MA and the way it is used by different companies. Then the three types of MA, horizontal, vertical and conglomerate MA is defined. The authors further explain the growth as well as the downfall of the MA activity from 1898 to 2000 in the US industry. Then the authors explain the different motives for the MAQs. In this part, the authors elaborate the methods of takeovers using the simple formula to capitalize future income. The authors have determined why MAs are the right choice for a company considering a global expansion. Then the research study explains tactics and evaluation of the MA strategies in a company. The impact of the MA activities on the strategies of the company is then evaluated. Finally, the impact of the MA activities on the society at large is elaborated. The authors were clear in their analysis and gave a straightforward idea about the MA activities throughout a certain time frame ('Merger and acquisitio n roundup', 2011). Theoretical Framework The theories evaluated in this article are related to the merger and acquisitions of companies in the international market. Mergers are defined as the takeover process where two companies merge into one single company. Acquisition one the other hand is the type of takeover process when one company acquires the ownership and all business activities of another company. MAs can be both friendly and hostile based on the market scenario. The fact that MAs are the right choice is evaluated by explaining the mechanisms of joint ventures as well as wholly owned subsidiary companies. The valuation of the MAs faces multiple problems that are disparities in profit maximization and loss of shareholder' interests (Dlabay Scott, 2011). Conclusion Thus, the article focused on the effectiveness of MAs in companies and the way it influences the profitability and market value of the company. It also defines the way MAs, influences the companys business activities, shareholders interest and the global market in general. Reed, M., Babool, M. (2003). Factors Affecting International Mergers and Acquisitions. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 6(4), 64-75. Introduction The study is based on the article Factors Affecting International Mergers and Acquisitions by Reed and Babool. The article focused on the factors that describe both inward and outward MA activity for the US. The purpose of this research study was to focus on the concept of international merger and acquisitions in the food processing industry. The issues based on the research topic are the way foreign direct investment or FDI is made in the US food and agriculture industry in the form of MA. The authors while preparing this article seek help from multiple journal articles, newspaper articles, and websites (Ifama.org/files/Reed.pdf, 2015). Research Questions The main research questions discussed in this article are- What are purposes of inward and outward MA for a country? What are the variables used in MA activity? How are the variables used in the US's food and beverage industry? What role do FDI plays in any international MA? (Peng Meyer, 2011) Literature Framework The purposes of inward and outward MA for a country are discussed by elaborating the investment strategy in MA where one country is a recipient country, and another one is the sending country. The recipient country is the country from where the subsidiary company (inward part of investment activity) belongs. Sending country is the country where investing or holding firm (inward part of investment activity) belongs. Then the factors like interest rate and exchange rate that influences the MA activity in US's food, tobacco, and beverage industry are discussed. The way inflow and outflow of FDI strengthen the national, as well as international economy, is finally explained in this article. The authors were clear in their analysis but over emphasized on the benefits of the MA activities in the US food industry (Susnjara, 2011). Theoretical Framework The theories evaluated in this article are related to the merger and acquisitions of firms mainly in the US market. The authors have used numerical data that showed the growth in MA in various countries from 1990 to 1999 and the way each country gained from both inward and outward investment flow in the MA activity. The further evaluated the work of other authors who have used financial management theories like capital budgeting model. They used regression to evaluate the effect of several international trade variables like stock market movements, interest rate and exchange rate on the MA activities. Relevant data were collected for the regression methods like t-ratio method and OLS regression method and then the results were evaluated (S., 2011). Calculation The article mainly focused on the inward and outward flow of foreign investment in a country. Then the three variables (stock market movements, interest rate, and exchange rate) are analyzed. The effect of the MA activity on US's food industry was shown. The author believed that through their research work emphasis on the international MA will be made and the way it will shape up the future position of the global market. International MA activity indeed is a prime focus of the international business. References Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., Moffett, M. (2011).International business. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Dlabay, L., Scott, J. (2011).International business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ifama.org/files/Reed.pdf,. (2015).International Food and Agribusiness Management Association - International Food and Agribusiness Association. Retrieved 2 October 2015, from https://www.ifama.org/ Karhen.home.xs4all.nl,. (2015).Index of //Papers/2/International%20mergers%20and%20acquisitions%20-%20Past,%20present%20and%20future.pdf. Retrieved 2 October 2015, from https://karhen.home.xs4all.nl/ Merger and acquisition roundup. (2011).Metal Powder Report,66(6), 6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(12)70005-x Peng, M., Meyer, K. (2011).International business. London: Cengage Learning. S., B. (2011). A Risk Management Model for Merger and Acquisition.Int. J. Eng. Bus. Manag., 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50935 Susnjara, J. (2011).Essays on international acquisitions.