The Evolution of Leadership Theory

IntroductionIn order to describe the evolution of leadership theory we must first define what we understand leadership to mean. An early or traditional definition of leadership may be, an interpersonal influence directed towards the achievement of a set goal or series of goals (Northhouse, 2004, p 2). In accordance with the evolution of leadership theory the definition of leadership by a modern frame of reference may be, a relationship dynamic in nature based on mutual influence between leaders and collaborators in which both reach higher levels of motivation and moral development as they strive to affect change (Freiberg and Freiberg, 1996, p 298). This essay will describe the evolution of leadership theory as it developed from being based on individual personal traits and behaviors to the modern theories that are based on dynamic models of situation and on transformation.Early Leadership theories: traits and behaviorsOhio State University developed a theory of leadership from a ser ies of studies that obtained data from questionnaires filled in by subordinates and another questionnaire filled in by managers that described the leadership traits and behaviors of their leaders (Fleishman, 1953, p 2). Two leadership styles were identified and hypothesized to be able to describe all leaders (Fleishman, 1953, p 2). The first leadership style was termed â€Å"initiating structure† (Fleishman, 1953, p 3. This leadership style described the leader who directs with transactional and task oriented style. This style of leadership has been described as great for routine and repetitive task, however on the negative side it has also been used to describe the micro-manager (Fleishman, 1953, p 4).Examples of how this leadership style may present in the workplace include the leader who lets work-unit members know what is expected of them; who schedules the work to be done; encourages the use of uniform work procedures; assigns work-unit members to particular tasks; plans tasks for work-unit members; makes his or her attitudes clear to the work unit; clarifies work roles and asks for results (Fleishman, 1953, p 4).The second leadership style identified by the Ohio State theory of leadership was termed â€Å"consideration† (Fleishman, 1953, p 5).   This leadership style described the leader who is people-oriented and participative, and transformational (Fleishman, 1953, p 5). Examples of how this leadership style may present in the workplace includes, the leader who treats all work-unit members as his or her equal; is friendly and approachable; does little things to make work pleasant; puts suggestions made by the work unit into operation; looks out for personal welfare of work unit members; encourages a supportive socio-emotional work atmosphere; maintains high morale in the work-unit and promotes a collaborative work atmosphere (Fleishman, 1953, p 5).Around the same time period The University of Michigan conducted similar studies to the Oh io State work (Katz, et al, 1950, p 23) based on questionnaire responses by leader's subordinates and also developed a two-leadership style theory (Katz, et al, 1950, p 43). The first leadership style was termed â€Å"production centered† (Katz, et al, 1950, p 44). Examples of how this leadership style may present in the workplace includes, the leader who places an emphasis on the technical or task aspects of the job; is concerned mainly with accomplishing group's goal and who regards group members as means to an end (Katz, et al, 1950, p 44).The second leadership style offered by the Michigan State University theory was termed â€Å"employee centered† (Katz, et al, 1950, p 46). Examples of how this leadership style may present itself in the workplace includes, the leader who places an emphasize interpersonal relations; who takes a personal interest in the needs of employees and who accepts individual differences among members of his / her team (Katz, et al, 1950, p 44 ). These earlier studies of leadership theories drew conclusions from research data that only looked at the single dimension of leadership being the observation of the leader's traits and behaviors. Although these studies provided valuable insight into which leadership traits and behaviors may have been associated with higher levels of productivity, the theories lack the depth of understanding that a dynamic model would bring which accounts for the interaction of the leader's subordinates and the workplace situation.Modern Leadership Theories: dynamic models of situational and transformational leadershipThe leadership theory termed situational theory is based on the amount of direction and socio-emotional support a leader should provide to a specific situation (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 59).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This theory developed by Hersey and Blanchard, recognizes four different leadership styles that are telling, selling, participating and delegating (Blanchard et al, 1999 p 60 ). The leader determines which style to use depending upon the specific task that is to be accomplished and the maturity level of the followers.The maturity of the followers was a termed coined to explain the willingness of the followers to take responsibility for directing their own behavior (Blanchard et al, 1999, 60). A combination of a demanding task with a low maturity level would require the leadership style of telling (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 60). The leadership style of selling would also suit a situation with a demanding task and low level of follower maturity while the leader is still responsible for the goal being achieved the followers are encouraged to participate (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 61). The leadership style of participating suits situations of a less demanding task and low-level maturity of the followers (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 61). Finally the leadership style of delegating is matched to a high level of follower maturity and therefore is suited to all levels of demand in terms of task (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 61).The transformational leadership theory recognizes the changing demands that an organization may face, like the situational leadership theory however it places its greatest emphasis on leadership behavior and traits (Northhouse, 2004, p 173). While this may seem like a return to the earlier more limited theories of leadership as developed in the mid 1900s via Ohio State and Michigan State Universities it is in fact seen as a very creative and flexible leadership theory (Northhouse, 2004, p 173).The transformational leader instills feelings of confidence, admiration and commitment in the followers. Such a leader inspires the followers to forgo their own interests for the good of the organization (Northhouse, 2004, p 178). Transformational leaders appeal to the moral and ideals of followers and inspire them to look at problems in new and creative ways (Northhouse, 2004, p 183). Studies have correlated the transformational leader ship theory in the workplace leads to lower staff turnover rates, higher productivity and higher employee satisfaction.In summary, the evolution of leadership theories has developed from the relatively static and one-dimensional views of the personality traits and behavior theories studied in the 1900s to the dynamic and flexible theories of situational and transformational leadership theories developed in the late 1900s.ReferencesBlanchard, K. H, Zigarmi, P. and Zigarmi, D. (1999), Leadership and the One Minute   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manager, New York, Harper Collins.Fleishman, E.A. (1953). The description of supervisory behavior. Personnel Psychology,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   37, 1-6Katz, D., Maccoby, N. and Morse, N.C. (1950). Productivity, Supervision and Morale in   Ã‚  Ã‚   an Office Situation. Ann Arbor, Survey Research Center.Northhouse, P.G. (2004). Leadership: Theory and Practice. New York, Sage Publications.

Distancia Amingo Essay

It was mid-afternoon. I could see faces along the road. I knew they were Iskolar ng Bayan; I assumed. They are for sure coming from different Bicol provinces. I was in a hurry to cross the lane. I was nearly bumped by a jeepney. Ano, magpapakamatay ka na? The driver shouted. Aw nano na costumbre, I murmured. I did not know whether he got the right person or I got a wrong way, either. After I crossed the pedestrian lane, I stopped and thought it over. Suddenly, a tricyle passed by. Distancia Amingo, as I have read the inscription on the board of its back. Keep distance, I told myself. I, most of the times, was waiting for and taking a ride in a jeepney every time I am going to office, church, mall, and even bar hopping. Jeepney becomes a public transportation of Legazpenos and other neighboring places. We are comfortable to call it as dyip or jeep. Indeed, my previous experience constructs a new concept that helps me out to observe, describe, and take note its technical and cultural background. What can you say? Jeepneys are originally made from US military jeeps, which military left them behind after ended the World War II instead of paying to ship the vehicles to America. A jeepney is a 12- to 16-passenger vehicle fashioned from second-hand military Jeeps used in the Philippines as public transportation. The term comes from a combination of the words Jeep and jitney, meaning small bus following a flexible schedule that carries passengers on a regular route. Over the years, the jeepney has grown to become one of the most prevalent means of transportation in the Philippines,† said Jacob Hendriks, eHow contributing writer. Today, it becomes the most common means of public transportation among provinces in the Philippines. Indeed, its name tags the Filipinos culture. If you could notice before you step up there are some slogans down the stair. Take note; you will perhaps frown or laugh at after reading it. Basta driver, sweet lover, this is an authentic example. It is not doubtful if passengers got smile when they have pleased to seat on the tukawan, I connote. On the other hand, this slogan simply speaks of machismo. In contrast, drivers could be described as polygamous by nature aside from being gentlemen to passengers. Perhaps, the status of their employment would attest that in some cases they coincidentally found women at night while they went to driving. I don’t think if some of them got concubines, which could be the cause of love quarrel between him and his wife. I think this is the reason why some of them had encountered accident that is suicidal. Forgive me if I got the wrong concept. At the back of the driver seat, you can read, Barya lang po sa umaga. We cannot deny that many times we forgot to pay our fare using coins early in the morning. Dai akon sensilyo; that’s it when driver asked. We cannot deny that we never allow ourselves to follow this simple rule; yet, when we demand good services from the authority basically our blood pressure seems to explode. High blood? so to speak. On the other hand, there are drivers who cheat. When you handed him more than the expected fare sometimes they forgot or meant not to return your change. I did not say that they are all cheaters because there also some of them who are honest. The moment you forgot, they screeched their wheels back. I also did not say that they are not angry when passengers count their change. Maski arog ako kaini, dai ko kaya manluko nin tawo, one time a driver murmured towards me. Feeling close, my flirt mind commented. Fasten your seat belt; you can read this line when you sit beside the driver’s seat. Sometimes, it is written as, fasten your sit belt. At first, I was annoyed; but, at the end, I realized that this line is the result of linguistic imperialism. We should forgive the perpetrator. We should not point our fingers to the driver because the nature of his work does not qualify to plead him guilty instead we will blame his teacher. It could be his parents as first teachers at home. It could be his teachers in the school, where learning takes place. Exactly, his learning experience constructs meaning as influence of constructivism. The good side is; he is not just a driver, but a skilled worker. This is the real substance of education shaping a person to be productive developing his potential to a defined skill. I was already inside the jeepney where I listened to the song entitled, Jeepney by Spongecola. What a coincidence, I said. Hush. Listen to the song. Bumaba ako sa jeepney/Kung saan tayo’y dating magkatabi/Magkahalik ang pisngi nating dalawa. The verses describe how the lovers explicitly unveil their relationship. Public display affection (pda); they said. Yes, it is expected that this is between man and woman. It could possibly be a man with a queer wo(man). That’s true; we do not impose racism here. You can laugh, but do not judge. Just say; this is the law of extreme reality. Pues, I can’t bear the moment without looking into the trend of courtship nowadays. I tell you; I am not against with them. I really feel sad when I see lovers in the jeepney showing inhuman behavior. We cannot blame older than us if they can’t tolerate themselves to put them into gossip because they destroy our good tradition. So, it is not surprising if women are being brutalized and raped because they become motif of original sin. Si’isay su relihiyoso an padi o an drayber? It becomes a joke; but, if we look at it as new perspective, tambay or bystanders would answer us, of course, the driver. If you can observe; the driver will not drive the jeepney without signing a cross. Yes, I agree, but he cannot do it without prior knowledge about his religious ways without the priests. When we destroy our conscience, our faith will be at stake. Faith in our people and faith in God, said Sen. Benigno â€Å"Ninoy† Aguino, Sr. In front of the jeepney’s mirror, you can see a small altar with an image of Virgin Mary. It becomes the icon of their salvation. Sometimes, they hang above it a bunch of fresh and fragrant flower, sampaguita, which they bought three for ten pesos from the young vendors. These vendors could be young boys or girls who seemed to be unfortunate. No child shall be left behind, as envisioned by the DepEd. Yet, the more the children are unfortunate, the more they are not able to go to school. I am sure there is something wrong in their home. I am sure there is something wrong in the system of the government. Along the front window you can notice the driver’s prayer embroidered as, God bless our trip. With this, I can say that the driver is a symbolic for hard work and these four words represent for prayer. This entails that when we work we should never forget to pray. Ora et labora; in English means, pray and work. This simply reminds us that we should balance our material needs and our spiritual need. When I got down the stair another jeepney passed by. I could read the inscription, In God We Trust. I can’t imagine how Bicolanos survive amid scarcity as a result of natural calamity. I presume; Bicolanos’ ways of living unfold the profound relationship with God. Ancient times indeed reflect how our ancestors passed on our good culture that defines our Bicolano identity. So, we have no reasons to smile. Starting today, we will keep distance when jeepney stops, but we will never lose hope when sudden misfortune comes because God never keeps us apart. He is just in our heart.

Follow the News Online in Spanish

Follow the News Online in Spanish As recently as 2000, nearly all the breaking news available on the Internet was in English. The few daily online news publications in Spanish were devoted primarily to local concerns of little interest to an international audience. Finding Spanish News Publications Online But, as with much of the Internet, the situation has changed rapidly. These days, the choice is almost limitless. I have found that a daily reading of the days events in Spanish is an excellent way of learning the language as it is really being used. As would be expected, CNN en Espaà ±ol is the site most like the comprehensive, 24-hour English-language sites. Since most of the articles are translated from English, they are usually easier for Spanish learners to understand. A wide selection of articles is available, with an emphasis on those relating to the United States, Latin America, business and sports. Also based in the U.S. is the Spanish-language news field is Google News Espaà ±a, which regularly updates its listing of Spanish-language articles every few minutes. Despite the sites name, there are plenty of news sources listed from Latin America and places other than Spain. Another site updated around the clock, but far less flashy, is that of Agencia EFE, a news service. Theres a definite business slant to the stories, most of which come from Europe. This site also has one of the few Spanish-language news tickers around. Another U.S.-based comprehensive Spanish-language news source is El Nuevo Herald. Although affiliated with The Miami Herald, El Nuevo Herald is more than a translation of the English online newspaper. Much of its content is original, and its probably the best place to learn news of Cuba. Comprehensive sites from the Spanish-speaking world include Argentinas Clarà ­n and Spains ABC. Many of the other Spanish-language newspaper sites on the Web emphasize their national news rather than attempt to provide comprehensive world coverage. But they provide a perspective that cant be found anywhere else. And if youre planning a trip to a Spanish-speaking area, its a good way find out whats happening there before going.

Self Eulogy Essays

Self Eulogy Essays Self Eulogy Paper Self Eulogy Paper Eulogy: A eulogy is a speech or piece of writing, usually at a funeral, in which a person who has just died is praised. Peter was an intelligent and bright man. He lived a wonderful life. He was my friend who cried with me and advised me when I had problems with my work. I cannot tell you what it was, but I am happy that I had friend who always stayed next to me every time. He was the kind of friend who stands by you when you need somebody to be there. I first met him in our first year of high school. We were so young and such naughty boys. We took the same bus, lived in the same street. That is how I became close to Peter. We exercised every morning in 5 oclock before we go to school. That would be almost 60 years ago. He was also an intelligent man. Throughout school, he was aiming for dentistry. As far as I know, he had to get an OP 1 to enter the dentistry course. I also wanted to be a dentist, but I gave up because I thought it was impossible to be a dentist. Peter never gave up. I went to sleep around 11 oclock at night, but Peter wouldnt sleep in until around 12 oclock. He always went to sleep late and woke up early. Normally, people usually sleep around 6 to 7 hours, but he slept only 4 to 5 hours. I still cannot believe how a person slept only 4 hours and could then study again school. His dream finally became true to be a dentist after 8 years of hard working. And then, he got married before his graduation to his good friend, Cindy. They were so happy that they could live together forever. After his graduation and marriage, he made a weird decision. At that time, he could have been employed by Queen Elizabeth II Hospital to become a professional dentist in there. However, he booked a plane ticket to Ghana straight after his graduation. Even his wife, Cindy agreed with it. He built a small hospital funded by one of the biggest companies in Ghana. Although, it is funded by the biggest company, the conditions werent good enough; He treated many sick children and adults. There were a lot of people who had to wait a whole day to see him. His appearance wasnt as good as a normal person till his death. In his 4th year in Ghana, he suffered with many diseases, such as malaria, an endemic disease, heat stroke and many more. But until last week, he was still treating children as usual, even when he was sick. Peter will be in the heaven, no, he might be there already. My memory of him is that he lived everyday like Albert Schweitzer who is known as a famous devoted doctor. I am sure we all can meet him again with a smiley face. I will try to remember him as a good friend, an intelligent man and a famous dentist forever. [After writing your eulogy, comment on what choices you will need to make in your life in order for what has been stated in your eulogy to come true; for example, if you state that John was a great dad to his 3 children in the eulogy you will need to make comment on what choices John made to become a great dad.] [His dream finally became true to be a dentist after 8 years of hard working] To become a professional dentist, I must enter the Bachelor of Dentistry. To enter the dentistry, I must get an OP 1. The Bachelor of Dentistry is known as the one of the most competitive and hardest courses that only intelligent students can get in with good grade. Mostly, most of students who go to dentistry course get an OP 1 to an OP 2 which is almost A+ for every subject. But there is a one way that only International students are able to go dentistry without an OP. That is the test called IELTS Examination (International English Language Testing System). This examination is English test includes Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking that examine international students English proficiency. If students get minimum overall 7.0 out of 9.0, then they are qualified to apply the Bachelor of Dentistry. Next, I must take two more exams after I got qualification to enter. They are UMAT (Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test) and ISAT (International Student Admissions Test). These tests are essential exams to enter the dental school. UMAT tests students ability about basic scientific knowledge and ISAT international students ability to enter the university. After entering the dental school, I must study for 8 years with success grades. After graduation, I can be employed by many hospitals and become a professional dentist. To conclude, it is very hard to be a dentist that I have to take many exams. But, if I try my best with Gods help, I believe I can be a professional dentist one day.

Amusement Park Place Essay Example for Free

Amusement Park Place Essay Amusement Parks are on of Americans favorite places to go. You get to ride roller-coasters, play games and just have fun. The thrill you get by getting is one of the best feelings you will ever have. When you first walk in the amusement park you feel your adrenaline rush by seeing all the people go crazy over the roller-coasters and the games. Adventure parks are an adventure that everyone needs to experience once in their life. Roller-coasters are a thrill that everyone should experience at an amusement park. Rollercoasters are what make amusement parks so fun. There are many different types of roller-coaster that has many different types of loops such as a corkscrew, the regular flip, and many more. Some of the biggest roller-coasters that I have ever been on are the ones at Six Flags. I rode the Batman, Superman, Georgia Scorcer, Deja-Vu, and all the other roller-coasters they had. My favorite was Superman; you are flying through the air just like Superman. The loops were like corkscrews and had some straight drops. Everyone needs to experience a roller-coaster ride at least once. There are many amusement parks all around the United States that you can go to and have fun. One is in Atlanta, Georgia home of Six Flags. Another one is located in Cedar Point, Ohio which is called Cedar Point and is one of the most popular visited amusement parks. Another one is Bush Gardens located in Tampa, Florida. I got to visit Bush Gardens this past Spring Break it was the best amusement park I have ever been to. There were a lot of family activities such as games, food, and roller-coasters. They didn’t have many roller-coasters, but the ones that they did have were my favorite. There are a lot of many different amusement parks around the country that you can take your family and have a great time. Games at amusement parks are also what make amusement parks so much fun. If you are scared to ride the rides just go ahead and play games. There are many games you can play like basketball shoot, racing games, shooting games and many more. If you end up doing good in the games then you will get prizes such as stuffed animals, candy and a lot more stuff. Games at amusement parks are parks are fun to play and make the amusement park experience unforgettable. Amusement Parks are fun for families and friends to go and bond for the day. Amusement Parks are enjoyed when you go and the ride the roller-coasters, play games, eat food, and go to Some of the shows that the parks have to offer. Amusement parks have been around forever and and that is why so many Americans love them so much. They allow you to have fun and relax for the day. Amusement Parks are a lot of fun and I think everyone should go to at least once to see for themselves. Amusement Park Place. (2017, Feb 03).

ASSUME YOU ARE PART OF THE SENIOR MANAGEMENT OF LARGE FIRM WITH A Research Paper

ASSUME YOU ARE PART OF THE SENIOR MANAGEMENT OF LARGE FIRM WITH A SPECIFIED NAICS(NORTH AMERICAN INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM - Research Paper Example The Smithsonian Institute The Smithsonian Institute can be one of the best targets of the construction firm to present contracting opportunities. It was founded in 1846 and considered the world’s largest museum and research complex which consists a total of 19 museums and galleries, 9 research facilities and the National Zoological Park (About Us, 2011). There are a continuous researches conducted in the institute thus one of the best opportunity is to offer a construction of a new research building or facility complex. The Smithsonian Institute conducts research around themes such as atmospheric processes, ecosystem dynamics observing natural and anthropogenic environmental change on daily to decadal time scales, and defining longer term climate proxies present in the historical artifacts and records of the museums as well as in the geologic record at field sites (Principal Areas of Focus, 2008). Thus, as a firm who offers commercial and institutional building construction, w e can present to them a really good opportunity to add a facility to their institute. The New Line of Business Given the big opportunity to this very important client, we can also offer line of business to make the most out of the opportunity given to us. The firm could develop a new line of business such as supplying air conditioner and services to take advantage of the opportunity in the Smithsonian contract. Offering this new business line or product line, the firm should know the number of buildings and facilities that the Smithsonian Institute has. Providing a new recommendation of supplying air conditioner and services, the firm must collect data about the current electricity bill and consumption, history and present condition of the existing air conditioners of the institute, terms and condition with the present supplier, and contract price with the current supplier. The firm should know all these information to make sure that they can provide a really good marketing strategy such as giving a cheaper contract price, ensuring good and reliable air conditioners and speedy services, and the possible cost reduced when they acquire our new line of product or service. The firm must ensure that they can provide products and services at a very reasonable price. The firm is mainly responsible for responsible for the construction of commercial and institutional buildings and related structures, such as stadiums, grain elevators, and indoor swimming pools (236220Â  Commercial and Institutional Building Construction, 2011). The services provided by the firm will be a great opportunity for this new line of business. Each building needs proper ventilation. Almost all the buildings that we can see around us have air conditioners. Thus, a construction firm can introduce new line of business such as supplying air conditioner to each new building that the firm constructs. They can offer a cheaper contract price with the clients if they avail of the service. What can be better than constructing and supplying a nearly complete facility, a building with proper ventilation? Department of Homeland Security The Department of Homeland security has a vital purpose of keeping America safe and to secure the nation from the threats and any forms of terrorization. The department requires a lot of people responsible from aviation and border security to emergency response and even from cybersecurity in charged to a chemical inspector. One of the main goals of the

Nautilus Incorporation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nautilus Incorporation - Research Paper Example The summarized findings of the financial analysis are outlined below: 1. Sales level of the company has been on a declining trend and the company’s sales are reduced to $180 million from $517 million. 2. For investors, both earning per share as well as dividend payout ratio, have shown very disgusting results. 3. The profitability position of the company is quite disappointing as the company incurred losses in first four years, but generated some profits in 2011. 4. Total Assets of the company have been on a declining trend as well, but there is a slight improvement in 2011. 5. Leverage position of the company has reflected negative results such that debt ratio has increased from 50% to 60% and the level of debt is on an increasing trend which is an alarming sign for the company. 6. Equity position of the company has also shown some bitter results such that it is reduced by 6 times from 2007. 7. Operating cash flows have remained quite volatile during last five years. 8. Free cash flows to firm are predicted to be increased by 10% every year. 9. The risk position of the company is not good at all and the company still in high risk zone. 10. A discount rate of 35% is used to discount the free cash flows. Introduction Nautilus Inc. is one of the constituent of NASDAQ member companies. ... well as the predicted free cash flows for the next five years have also been estimated by utilizing a relatively higher but an appropriate discount factor. Appendix has also been attached after the conclusion of this article in which the computations of some ratios have been displayed. Conclusion in the end will summarize financial analysis under this article. Sales Analysis If the sales of NLS are taken into consideration, it can be noticed that the company seems far behind from the objective of maintaining a persistent growth rate. The sales behavior of the company cannot be termed as healthy by any means due to significant shrinkages in the level of sales. From 2007 till 2010, the company suffered a continuous decline in its sales on yearly basis. The overall growth rate of sales level of the company has remained negative. The prime reason behind this sales decline is the change in the preferences of the people after recession as they took a defensive stance and avoided incurring expenditures on health and fitness based equipments. However, there is a very light ray of hope in the year 2011 where the company managed to increase its sales by around 7%. Overall the company’s past record imposes a solid question mark regarding the future level of sales because with this level of growth, the company would not be able to sustain for a longer period of time. The following table highlights the actual sales level and growth from 2007 till 2011: Years 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Sales 180,412 168,450 189,260 411,178 501,471 Growth 7.10% -11.00% -53.97% -18.01% - Investors’ Ratio Analysis There are two basic ratios that have been computed in order to judge the performance of the company with respect to the equity investors. These two ratios are earning per share and dividend